Nginx

Installation of Nginx load balancer

Nginx is used as both reverse proxy and load balancing for on-prem deployments.

Installation

• Follow the procedure to install nginx. Install the prerequisite:

  sudo apt install curl gnupg2 ca-certificates lsb-release ubuntu-keyring

  Import an official nginx signing key so apt could verify the packages authenticity. Fetch the key:

  curl https://nginx.org/keys/nginx_signing.key | gpg --dearmor | sudo tee /usr/share/keyrings/nginx

  Verify that the downloaded file contains the proper key:

  gpg --dry-run --quiet --no-keyring --import --import-options import-show /usr/share/keyrings/nginx

  To set up the apt repository for stable nginx packages, run the following command:

  echo "deb [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/nginx-archive-keyring.gpg] \
  http://nginx.org/packages/ubuntu $(lsb_release -cs) nginx" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ng

  Set up repository pinning to prefer our packages over distribution-provided ones:

  echo -e "Package: *\nPin: origin nginx.org\nPin: release o=nginx\nPin-Priority: 900\n" | sudo tee /etc/apt/preferences.d/99nginx

  To install nginx, run the following commands:

  sudo apt update
  sudo apt install nginx

  Note: Refer to know more about nginx installation here.

• Run this to delete default server.

  sudo rm /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/default

• Set client_max_body_size to 50m on /etc/nginx/nginx.conf.

  client_max_body_size 50m;

• Find the list of headers to add in /etc/nginx/nginx.conf to enhance the security of environments. Add the following headers under Basic Settings on nginx.conf.

  server_tokens off;
  add_header Referrer-Policy "strict-origin-when-cross-origin" always;
  add_header X-XSS-Protection "1; mode=block" always;
  add_header Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains" always;
  limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=explore:10m rate=100r/s;
  add_header X-Content-Type-Options "nosniff" always;

  Add the following headers under SSL settings on nginx.conf.

  ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:10m;
  ssl_session_timeout 1h;
  ssl_stapling on;

• Restart nginx.

  sudo systemctl restart nginx

This is only a one-time installation. Whenever you want to add new servers for each environments on this Nginx, follow the Install Servers to Nginx Section.

Install servers to Nginx

Prerequisites

• Create wildcard TLS certificates (This certificate can be created each time for all the other servers you can configure later).

Installation

On AWS EC2, the number of network interfaces that can be created is limited depending on the node type. For example on t3a.small node, the maximum number of network interfaces is 2. Refer to EC2 Network Specifications for more info.

• Once nginx server is installed, it will create sites-enabled and sites-available directories inside /etc/nginx directory.

• Navigate to /etc/nginx/sites-available directory and create a file called <sandbox name>.conf (Example: prod-openg2p.conf) by using kubernetes/nginx/sites.sample.conf file as a template.

• Set session_id ,rate limiting directive's under location block in each server conf file if needed.

{
        location / {
            limit_req           zone=<sandbox_name>;
            proxy_cookie_flags  session_id samesite=lax secure;
            ...
}

Creation of the <sandbox name>.conf file applies only to one server in the nginx node. Repeat this section for every server to be added.

• Use a new Listen IP Address for every server. It is recommended to add a new network interface in the same VM which is part of the same network.

• When configuring upstream servers, you need to configure the node port of the Istio IngressGateway. Therefore, it is important to understand the ports and determine which ports connect to which IngressGateway and for what purpose.

• Run this to enable the server that is added now.

  sudo ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/<sandbox name>.conf /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/

• Test nginx conf for errors.

  sudo nginx -t

• Restart nginx.

  sudo systemctl restart nginx

Post-installation

Map the hostnames to Nginx IPs on your DNS service, such as Route53 on AWS.